Tytuł: Research on Diversification Strategies of Terminal Operators—Evidence from Polish Seaports

Autor/Autorzy: Michał Pulciński, Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Ludmiła Filina-Dawidowicz

Miejsce publikacji: Sustainability

Rok: 3/2023

Słowa kluczowe: seaports; business models; diversification strategy

Abstrakt: In response to changes taking place in the global environment, seaport terminal operators constantly search for lines of development in their operations, choosing i.a. a strategy of diversification or specialisation. So far, the issue of applying a diversification strategy in business models used by operators of multipurpose terminals has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature on the subject. In view of the above, the purpose of this paper is to identify and hierarchize the motivations for diversification and to specify the areas of diversification strategies and corresponding measures taken by operators of multipurpose terminals. The multi-case-study method was applied to conduct the research, along with the research technique of semi-structured in-depth interviews held with representatives of five terminal operators that had been running their business activity in Polish seaports and applying a diversification strategy. As a result of the completed research study, it was possible to specify the motivations for implementing a diversification strategy, and to hierarchize them. The main motives in selecting a diversification strategy as the main business strategy among the interviewed terminal operators were safeguarding against seasonal or sporadic business cycle fluctuations, and changes taking place in maritime trade and transport. Moreover, four areas of diversification strategies pursued by the terminal operators were identified: cargo diversification, contract diversification, services diversification, and cargo flow direction diversification. The diversification measures taken by the terminal operators in the specified areas were analysed in detail. The most important areas of the diversification measures in the studied entities were cargo diversification and services diversification. A heat map was developed to present the dependencies between the motivations for diversification and the areas of diversification strategies implemented by the terminal operators. The identified specific measures taken by the terminal operators as part of the indicated diversification areas included technical and organisational measures. The diversification strategy developed by terminal operators proved to be an effective strategy in coping with the effects of economic slowdown and disruptions ensuing from the COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine. The results of the considerations may be of interest to seaports, transshipment terminals or other entities interested in implementation of a business activity diversification strategy.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/7/5644 

Tytuł: The Impact of Improving the Quality of the Port’s Infrastructure on the Shippers’ Decisions

Autor/Autorzy: Natalia Wagner, Izabela Kotowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: Sustainability

Rok: 2022

Słowa kluczowe: seaport; port infrastructure; decision making; transport costs; security of supply; ship size

Abstrakt: Important attributes of a transportation chain are the costs of their operation, the security of supply they provide, and reducing carbon emissions throughout the chain. When making managerial decisions about the chain configuration, shippers consider the optimal choice of means of transport, carriers, or ports. Seaports, as transport nodes, determine the functioning of supply chains they serve. A constant process observed in the world shipping is the consistent increase in the average size of ships. Adapting the port and port access infrastructure to the changes observed in the world shipping is a prerequisite for maintaining the competitive position of the port, and consequently of the entire transport chain. Adequate hydrological conditions ensuring safe access to ports for increasingly larger ships are necessary for the stable functioning and development of a port and the entire region. For shippers, the certainty that the handling of larger vessels is assured regardless of any fluctuating hydro-meteorological conditions and temporary vessel entry permits is a guarantee of security of supply. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of fairway deepening on port-oriented supply chain costs and security of supply, as well as verification of the importance of these factors for cargo shippers’ decision-making. The article used the case study method based on the port of Szczecin, for which the investment of deepening the fairway to 12.5 m is being implemented. The article estimates the transport costs of five transport chains served by the port of Szczecin. Our research showed that a 2.5 m increase in the permissible draught of ships results in a decrease of up to 25% in transport costs resulting mainly from the reduction in specific fuel consumption throughout the chain. The analysis of the results showed that a secondary benefit of deepening the fairway can change the structure of the port’s foreland. This conclusion was validated by means of in-depth interviews held with selected shippers cooperating with the port of Szczecin. An additional outcome of the interviews was identification of the remaining conditions that should be met to take full advantage of improved port accessibility. The research is the first step to broader studies assessing whether improving quality of port infrastructure can contribute to a reduction in emissions from ships in a port and thus facilitate the transition to zero-emission ports.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do 
pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/10/6255

Tytuł: Seaports during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Terminal Operators’ Tactical Responses to Disruptions in Maritime Supply Chains

Autor/Autorzy: Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński, Izabela Kotowska, Ludmiła Filian-Dawidowicz

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: Covid-19 pandemic, seaports, maritime supply chain, terminal operators, distributions, response strategies, tactical decisions

Abstrakt: The world-wide crisis caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a significant impact on the global economy functioning and the sustainable development of supply chains. The changes also affected seaports being the key links of maritime supply chains. The purpose of the research study described in this article was to identify the sources and kinds of disruptions observed in various maritime supply chains as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the operations of various types of seaport terminals, namely those serving bulk (universal, specialised) and general cargoes (universal, specialised). An additional purpose was to identify the dependencies between the type of terminal and its main function, and the tactical decisions adopted by the particular terminals. The research was carried out using the multiple-case study method. The study covered some selected port terminals functioning in Polish seaports (Gdańsk, Szczecin, Świnoujście), applying direct, semi-structured in-depth interviews. The analysis of the results was carried out using the inductive reasoning method. The research study has shown that as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic some maritime supply chains ceased to exist, some of them were operating with decreased cargo volumes, while in other cases the transshipment volumes actually rose during the pandemic. Among terminal operators’ tactical responses to disruptions in maritime supply chains, there were pro-active and adaptive measures. Pro-active (offensive) measures included actions taken by an enterprise in order to engage in new maritime supply chains, and even participating in establishing new maritime chains in response to limitations caused by the pandemic. Adaptive (defensive) measures covered actions taken by the port terminals as a consequence of changes in the existing maritime supply chains, caused by the pandemic in the port’s foreland or hinterland. The research study results revealed that the terminals extent of engagement and tactical decisions related to the pandemic were depended on the type of terminal (universal or specialised) and its main function played within a supply chain.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/14/4339

Tytuł: Biomass Sea-Based Supply Chains and the Secondary Ports in the Era of Decarbonization

Autor/Autorzy: Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński, Izabela Kotowska

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: renewable energy sources, biomass, supply chains, seaports, overseas sourcing, decarbonization

Abstrakt: One of the tools to attain the goal of climate-neutrality by 2050 by the European Union is increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the energy mix of member states. A major part of the future bioenergy mix is to be played by biomass. As many hazards have been pointed out when using forest biomass, particular attention is paid to the potential of agro biomass. However, as agro biomass is sourced mostly locally, the supply may not be sufficient to meet the growing demand. Therefore, international trade (including overseas) might become increasingly important to meet the EU renewable energy targets. In this context, it is seaports that may play a major part in developing biomass supply chains. The main purpose of the article is to fill the research gap by identifying the pros and cons for the development of biomass sea-based supply chains through secondary ports and specifying their relevance from the perspective of major stakeholders in the context of decarbonization processes. The supplementary purpose of the study was the verification of the environmental sustainability of biomass sea-based supply chains through secondary ports versus land transport (carbon footprint). This study applied the single case study method (the case of the secondary port in Szczecin). The case study strategy involved qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Our research study showed that (1) overseas agro biomass (wastes and residues) may become a significant tool in the process of decarbonization of economies that are heavily reliant on coal as a transition fuel and as a stable RES in the structure of the future energy mix; and (2) biomass sea-based supply chains may be an attractive alternative for secondary ports affected by negative outcomes of decarbonization. However, a dedicated biomass terminal would make the secondary ports more attractive for this type of cargo. A biomass terminal may provide sufficient port service efficiency and enable harmonization of deliveries. Additionally, the carbon footprint analysis performed in this study has shown that biomass sea-based supply chains generate lower CO2 emissions than alternative land deliveries.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/7/1796

Tytuł: Ocena użyteczności metody jakościowej szacowania popytu na przewozy ładunków żeglugą śródlądową na zapleczu portów morskich

Autor/Autorzy: Ludmiła Filina-Dawidowicz, Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: żegluga śródlądowa, metoda jakościowa, porty morskie, prognozowanie popytu, transport ładunków

Abstrakt: Znane metody prognozowania zapotrzebowania na transport towarów oparte są na danych szeregów czasowych, które nie zawsze są dostępne. Celem artykułu jest ocena użyteczności metody jakościowej szacowania popytu na przewozy ładunków żeglugą śródlądową na zapleczu portów morskich w przypadku niedostępności danych historycznych. Oceniana metoda obejmuje pięć etapów i opiera się na badaniu popytu, które przeprowadzono wśród gestorów ładunków. Weryfikację przeprowadzono na przykładzie Odrzańskiej Drogi Wodnej, analizując potencjalne operacje wykonywane w ramach żeglugi śródlądowej do/z portów morskich w Szczecinie i Świnoujściu, przy założeniu, że droga wodna została zmodernizowana do klasy żeglowności III. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwoliły określić zalety i wady prognozowania opartego na badanej metodzie jakościowej, wskazując na jej użyteczność, i mogą być przydatne dla zarządów portów morskich, spedytorów, firm transportowych i instytucji rządowych podejmujących decyzje w zakresie rozwoju infrastruktury śródlądowych dróg wodnych.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ejournals.eu/PKGKPTG/2020/23(1)/art/17775/

Tytuł monografii: Nowoczesne systemy transportowe w przewozach intermodalnych
 

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: Możliwości wykorzystania narzędzi informatycznych w lądowo-morskich łańcuchach transportowych na przykładzie aplikacji do planowania załadunku statku ro-ro

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Grzegorz Łokieć

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: lądowo-morskie łańcuchy transportowe, załadunek statku ro-ro

Abstrakt: Kluczowym elementem konkurencyjności lądowo-morskich łańcuchów transportowych w stosunku do przewozów jednomodalnych jest koszt i czas przewozu. O ile na koszt przewozu można wpłynąć odpowiednią polityką fiskalną ( np.: poziomem akcyz, podatków paliwowych), o tyle czas przewozu uzależniony jest od szybkości procesów realizowanych w poszczególnych ogniwach lądowo-morskiego łańcucha transportowego. Newralgicznym punktem jest czas trwania operacji przeładunkowych w portach morskich. Pomocne w tym przypadku mogą być technologie informatyczne np.: wspomagające proces decyzyjny. Celem niniejszego rozdziału jest zaprezentowanie możliwości wykorzystania aplikacji internetowej w procesie podejmowania decyzji załadunkowych.

ISBN: 978-83-7972-352-2

Tytuł: The Decision Tree Approach for the Choice of Freight Transport Mode: The Shippers’ Perspective in Terms of Seaport Hinterland Connections

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji:

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: Decision tree model, transport mode choice, seaport hinterland transportation

Abstrakt: Purpose: Current research in the area of transport decisions indicates that the key factors decisive for the mode choice are the cost and the time of transport. The complexity of behaviours and preferences of cargo shippers as well as the diversity of supply chain configurations, along with unavailability of an appropriate dataset hinder reliable forecasting the demand for transport and planning its development by means of quantitative methods. The aim of this article is to identify the factors that affect the decisions on mode choice by cargo shippers, based on data obtained by means of a qualitative method. Design/Methodology/Approach: The decision tree methodology was used in the analysis of the research study. To analyse the decision tree on the basis of C4.5. algorithm, the authors applied the J48 module of the WEKA 3.8.4. software. Findings: The research has shown that the major attributes in selecting transport modes by cargo shippers, taking into account access to three modes of transport to the seaports hinterland, are consignment size and time pressure, then owning or having access to barge terminals by cargo shippers, and the annual volume of cargoes generated by them. Practical Implications: The results of the analysis can be useful for managers of supply chain making decisions regarding the choice of transport route. Originality/Value: The developed decision tree model provides cargo shippers with a possibility of choosing three transport modes to carry cargoes to/from the seaports: road, rail, and inland shipping, which constitutes supplementation and expansion of the studies completed so far, which usually took into account only rail and road transport.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/1649

Tytuł: Seaports as Nodal Points of Circular Supply Chains: Opportunities and Challenges for Secondary Ports

Autor/Autorzy: Marta Mańkowska, Izabela Kotowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: Sustainability

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: circular economy, circular supply chain management, secondary seaports, port authority, stevedores

Abstrakt: This paper focuses on the development of secondary ports in the circular economy model (as a node of circular supply chains) to implement sustainable seaports in the context of the structural changes taking place in the global economy, trade, and maritime transport. The purpose of this article is to identify the opportunities, challenges, and key actions to be taken by secondary ports in circular supply chains. The research method applied was a single case study. The object of the study was the seaport of Szczecin (Poland). Our study showed that the secondary ports lacking technical conditions to serve large vessels, but with available space to develop their transshipment, storage, industrial, distribution, and logistics activities, may become major participants in circular supply chains. Taking advantage of the opportunities associated with participating secondary ports in the circular supply chain requires facing a number of challenges identified in the current literature, such as return-flow uncertainty, transport and infrastructure, the availability of suitable supply chain partners, coordination and information sharing, product traceability, and cultural issues. Our study partially confirms the significance of these challenges for secondary ports. The significance of these challenges depends on the kind of circular supply chain, i.e., whether the supply chain is a producer or a consumer chain. Our study shows that a very important challenge for both types of chains is the problem of internal resistance to change. This still-unsolved issue involves the persistent linear mindset of the port authority, which is manifested mainly as investor evaluation policy based exclusively on the declared annual transshipment volume, which fails to take actions to provide the available land plots with the infrastructure necessary for the terminals and industrial plants that participate in circular supply chains. Simultaneously, for secondary ports, we proved that it is stevedores (who are flexible and fast in adapting to new market conditions, strongly determined to search for new cargo types to replace those that have vanished, and who adapt the scope of their services) who play a key role in stimulating the development of circular supply chains. As a main managerial implication for the authorities of secondary ports, such authorities should create appropriate policies for investor assessments and the utilisation of available areas within the port premises to encourage the enterprises engaged in circular supply chains to invest in and develop their businesses within the port’s premises. It is also necessary to develop appropriate communication between port authorities and their external stakeholders. As a managerial implication for the stevedores in secondary ports, these entities should first develop their service offers to address cargo as part of the circular supply chains (with more comprehensive service offers and added-value services, such as freight forwarding services, stuffing, packing, and mixing of cargo) and develop cooperation with other stakeholders of circular supply chains.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3926

Tytuł monografii: European Port Cities in Transition

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: Socio-economic Costs and Benefits of Seaport Infrastructure Development for a Local Environment. The Case of the Port and the City of Świnoujście

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: port’s development, sustainable transport, social cost-benefit analysis, Container terminal

Abstrakt: The positive changes in the relations between a port city and its port, as manifested in the sustainable development policies for port cities and seaports, have not managed to eliminate the conflicts connected with the spatial aspects of seaport development. The conflicts are to a large extent connected to an uneven distribution of socio-economic benefits and costs that port operations generate for the local environment. The purpose of the research in this chapter is providing an answer to the following question: What impact does the implementation of large infrastructural projects in seaports have on the local community and seaport economy? For this, a comprehensive Seaport’s SCBA method for estimating the socio-economic benefits of seaport development based on the case study of the planned deepwater container terminal in the Świnoujście seaport (in Poland) was developed. The results have shown that 97% of direct benefits are generated for the national economy (global/ national level), whereas only slightly above 3% of those benefits remain in the port city (local level). The main beneficiaries tapping into the benefits are cargo shippers who consume nearly 90% of the benefits. Concurrently, the full social costs of the seaport operations development are borne by the local environment. The balance of the socio-economic benefits and costs expressed in monetary terms is nevertheless positive on the local level. The benefits are additionally improved when the categories that are non-measurable in monetary values are taken into account, such as: increased investment attractiveness and innovativeness of the port city; improved transport accessibility; stopping the local population ageing; and preventing the productive population from moving away. The benefits are achieved indirectly and over a long-time horizon, but eventually they have a positive effect on the structural changes in the local economy and community. In particular, this impacts the cities and regions with less developed economies, which cope with negative changes in the demographic structure of their local communities – this are exemplified in the case of the Świnoujście seaport.

ISBN: 978-3-003-36463-2

Tytuł: Assessing the external costs of urban transport investments: a socioeconomic analysis

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: urban management, investment management, urban transport, external costs of transport, sustainable transport, SCBA

Abstrakt: Transport is a considerable source of pollution in cities. The social impacts of transport activities result from emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, and noise, as well as traffic accidents. Not every urban investment that reduces such ‘external’ effects of transport will be found acceptable by the public. In order to assess and communicate the social impacts of investments, it is necessary to calculate external costs appropriately. This article discusses issues with estimating the social costs and benefits of transport-related investments in cities. The article also provides a classification of social benefits from urban transport investments and proposes a general methodology for estimating such benefits. Due to the versatility of urban investments, there can be no single, universal method. The article proposes methods for analysing social costs and benefits on the basis of two sample urban investments.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/2584

Tytuł: Planning the development of inland shipping in the seaport hinterland transport: A case study of the Oder River in Poland

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: inland shipping management, inland shipping development, port planning, port authority, waterway infrastructure, Oder river

Abstrakt: The need to prioritize activities aimed at increasing the use of inland waterway transport to support seaports and their staging is of primary importance for ports that have natural conditions (direct access to inland routes), but do not meet the basic requirements for their development (access to high-quality inland waterway connections). Due to the cost- and time-consuming nature of many of the recommended activities, it is crucial to properly plan internal and external measures by placing them on a timeline and assigning responsibility for their implementation to various stakeholders, including port authorities and waterway managers. Revitalizing the linear waterway infrastructure of these ports will be of paramount importance.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/2529

Tytuł: The role of ports in reduction of road transport pollution in port cities

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Daria Kubowicz

Miejsce publikacji: Transportation Research Procedia

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: port management, external costs of transport, road transport, sustainable transport development

Abstrakt: Despite numerous actions taken by port authorities to enable modal shift, road transport has been playing a dominating role in serving the hinterland of many ports. Millions of tonnes of cargoes are carried by heavy goods vehicles which due to the location of ports within conurbations have to join urban traffic. Freight traffic generates considerable external costs caused by congestion, accidents, noise or pollutant emissions. This article is aimed at identification and classification of the tools applied by port authorities in order to limit exhaust emissions and congestion caused by heavy goods vehicles handled in ports.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146519301115

Tytuł monografii: Planowanie rozwoju portów morskich. Aspekty teoretyczne i praktyczne

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: inwestycje w portach morskich, zarządzanie portami morskimi, organizacja portów morskich

Abstrakt: Podjęta problematyka badań obejmuje aktualne zagadnienia związane z planowaniem złożonych organizmów gospodarczych jakimi sa porty morskie. Celem badań była identyfikacja oraz analiza procesu planowania rozwoju portów morskich na poziomie centralnym (planowanie na poziomie krajowego systemu portowego), regionalnym (planowanie na poziomie regionu portowego), lokalnym (planowanie na poziomie miast portowego) oraz na poziomie portu morskiego (planowanie na poziomie gospodarza terenów portowych, planowanie na poziomie poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw portowej sfery eksploatacyjnej).

ISBN: 978-83-7972-235-8

Tytuł monografii: Integration as Solution for Advanced Smart Urban Transport Systems

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: The Competitiveness of Inland Shipping in Serving the Hinterland of the Seaports: A Case Study of the Oder Waterway and the Szczecin-Świnoujście Port Complex

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: Inland shipping, Hinterland transport, Transport competitiveness factors, Oder waterway, Szczecin-Świnoujście port complex

Abstrakt: The aim of this article is to verify the existing knowledge in the area of competitiveness factors of hinterland modes of transport in land-sea transport chains. In order to fulfill the primary objectives of the article, a case study of the Oder Waterway and Szczecin-Świnoujście port complex was applied. The verification of competitiveness factors of inland shipping in serving seaports hinterland was made on the basis of in-depth interviews among shippers who represented the most important exporters and importers using sea transport, and whose premises were located in the areas that gravitate towards inland waterway transport. The study provided evidence that the most important factor is to assure reliability of delivery. It is the necessary condition for a modal shift between competitive transport branches. Lower transport costs without the certainty of delivery on time will not convince shippers to a modal shift.

ISBN: 978-3-319-99476-5

Tytuł: A method to estimate the demand for freight transport in absence of historical data. A case study of the Oder Waterway

Autor/Autorzy: Ludmiła Filina-Dawidowicz, Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: SHS Web of Conference

Rok: 2018

Słowa kluczowe: Inland Shipping, transport management, demand forecasting

Abstrakt: The aim of the research described in this article is to work out a method to estimate the demand for freight transport in a situation when no historical data are available, thus rendering it impossible to apply methods based on time series data. The method presented in this article was developed and verified on the basis of an analysis of potential inland shipping operations on the Oder Waterway to/from the seaports in Szczecin and Świnoujście, assuming that the waterway has been upgraded to avigability class III. The analysis was predicated on a demand survey performed among cargo shippers. The obtained research results made it possible to specify the advantages and drawbacks of forecasting based on qualitative methods, and to identify the factors which significantly reduce the reliability of freight transport forecasts.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/pdf/2018/19/shsconf_globmar2018_01009.pdf

Tytuł: Inland Shipping to Serve the Hinterland: The Challenge for Seaports Authorities

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Marta Mańkowska, Michał Pluciński

Miejsce publikacji: Sustainability

Rok: 2018

Słowa kluczowe: port authority, inland shipping, promotion policy, hinterland connections, land-sea transport chains

Abstrakt: The competitiveness of seaports is predominantly affected by factors external to the ports themselves, connected mainly with the quality of the hinterland and foreland infrastructure. Measures taken in these areas are reflected in the main objectives of the port strategies. Concurrently, the measures may have adverse environmental impacts (pollutant emissions, noise, land occupancy, etc.) and deteriorate the life quality of the port city’s communities. Therefore, measures taken by seaport authorities to improve their competitiveness must also heed the idea of sustainable development (sustainable port strategy). The answer to this challenge is the idea of green ports, being an element of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies of seaports. One of the elements of this concept is promoting more environmentally friendly transport modes/transport chains in serving the hinterland as an alternative to road transport. Inland shipping is the most environmentally friendly and also cost-competitive mode of transport. Therefore, a modal shift from road to inland waterways is one of the elements of the European Union sustainable transport policy, as well as also gaining importance in the development policies of seaport authorities as an element of a green port strategy. However, this issue has been relatively rarely addressed in the seaport economics literature. In particular, there has been a lack of studies that would make it possible to answer the question of what kind of action should be taken by seaport authorities in order to increase the share of inland shipping in hinterland transport. This article aimed to develop a concept of a promotion policy to be applied by seaport authorities to increase the share of inland shipping in hinterland transport. The study used the elements of a multiple case study design method which included the following seaports: Antwerp, Rotterdam, Hamburg, and the Marseilles–Fos port complex. This article was dedicated to identifying, analyzing, and classifying the policies implemented by these European seaports to promote inland waterway transportation. The research showed that these actions were quite similar in terms of their scope. The actions were classified as external and internal initiatives. The most common external actions included initiatives that improved the quality of inland waterways and the quality of shipping connections with the hinterland. Internal initiatives focused on improving the port’s infrastructure for barges and on implementing an appropriate information policy. The presented concept of a promotion policy can be a road map for all port authorities aiming to improve the quality of inland shipping as a mode of hinterland transport.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/10/3468

Tytuł monografii: City Logistics 2: Modeling and Planning Initiatives

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: Assumptions of Social Cost–Benefit Analysis for Implementing Urban Freight Transport Measures

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Stanisław Iwan, Kinga Kijewska, Mariusz Jedliński

Rok: 2018

Słowa kluczowe: Social cost‐benefit analysis, urban freight transport, sustainable transport, city logistics

Abstrakt: Social cost‐benefit analysis (SCBA) aims to assess whether the planned solution will bring greater social benefits than the expenditure incurred. This chapter focuses on the assumptions of SCBA for implementing urban freight transport projects. Social benefits resulting from the introduction of individual solutions / best practice in city logistics are due to the reduction of external costs. Therefore, measurable social benefits are the difference in external costs generated before and after the introduction of the solution. External costs generated by urban freight transport are mostly environmental costs covering the cost of climate change, air pollution and noise and congestion costs associated with the increase in travel time and transport accidents. Determination of external costs requires a very detailed identification of the number of vehicles entering the area by type, capacity and Euro norm.

ISBN: 978-1-78630-206-9

Tytuł: Rola gestii transportowej w zarządzaniu lądowo-morskim łańcuchem transportowym

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska, Daniel Letmański

Miejsce publikacji: Autobusy. Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: gestia transportowa, spedycja

Abstrakt: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości, jakie daje posiadanie gestii transportowej w zarządzaniu lądowo-morskim łańcuchem transportowym, jako elementem zintegrowanego łańcucha dostaw. W artykule przedstawiono praktyczną stronę realizacji kontenerowego morsko-lądowego procesu transportowego w zależności od warunków handlowych, jakie zostały uzgodnione między stronami transportu. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę kosztów transportowych na wybranej trasie przewozowej z wyszczególnieniem składowych ponoszonych przez importera i eksportera. Efektem przeprowadzonych badań są cztery modele organizacji łańcuchów transportowych, których zakres jest uzależniony od warunków przyjętych w kontrakcie kupna-sprzedaży.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-c535a815-950f-4c8d-9473-d7bea142c6ca?q=6f713787-3f8d-4b83-b64f-e3317fc2e42d$1&qt=IN_PAGE

Tytuł: The issue of evaluation of a competitive position of a port enterprise. A case study of Bulk Cargo-Port Szczecin

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: port competitiveness, port terminals, competitive position, konkurencyjność portów, terminale portowe, pozycja konkurencyjna

Abstrakt: Competitiveness of seaports is a complex issue. It may be viewed from the level of the whole region, the port itself as well as an individual port enterprise. To assess competitiveness of a port, four elements should be accounted for: evaluation of competitiveness potential, identification of factors of competitive advantage, indication of instruments of competing, and evaluation of the port’s competitive position. The article discusses the individual stages of the port’s competitiveness assessment and proposes adequate factors and metrics of competitiveness. On that basis, competitiveness of the Bulk Cargo-Port Szczecin enterprise was evaluated.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://wnus.edu.pl/epu/pl/issue/565/article/8773/

Tytuł: External costs in feeder shipping as an element of a socio-economic Analysis

Autor/Autorzy: Izabela Kotowska

Miejsce publikacji: Problemy Eksploatacji. Maintenence Problems

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: external costs, sustainable transport, container vessel, feeder shipping

Abstrakt: A socio-economic analysis is part of each EU funded investment project. One of the major problems is assessment of social benefits resulting from such investment. In the case of investing in feeder container terminals, external benefits are estimated in terms of the modal shift from road to maritime transport. There are many tools that enable such assessment at different levels of detail. In each case, assessment methodologies are based on computed freight movement expressed in tonne-kilometres. Due to the specific nature of the feeder transport, this approach is incomplete. Mostly because of the fact, that ships call at many ports in a loop, where additional external costs are generated. This article proposes a methodology of evaluating external costs generated in feeder ship service, and estimates external costs for three sample routes and three ship sizes.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://jmcm.itee.radom.pl/images/pe_2017/pe_2_2017/PE_2_2017_123_129.pdf