Tytuł: Investigating the Future Dynamics of Multi-Port Systems: The Case of Poland and the Rhine–Scheldt Delta Region

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2022

Słowa kluczowe:  multi-port system,  interdependencies, peripheral port challenge

Abstrakt: The objective of this paper is to investigate the future evolution of port systems considering the development of major and minor ports, inter-port competition, and feasible cargo shifts resulting from improved capacity or congestion faced by ports. The literature review on port system dynamics indicates that the relationships that emerge between major and minor ports located in the range stem from competition and cooperation. However, we argue that there are essential ports that play a predominant role in shaping these relationships, while inter-port relations in the system are based on competition. With the use of transshipment forecasts, existing and emerging interdependencies among major and minor ports in the system, and capacity development and/or changes in the level of capacity utilisation, the ex-ante dynamics of the port system are evaluated. The subject of research is two port systems, namely, the Polish port system and the Rhine–Scheldt Delta port system. We investigate the future dynamics in each port system and find that the evolution pattern has different features if the minor ports improve capacity or challenge the major ports by offering free capacity. This paper contributes to research on the evolution of multi-port formations and provides new insights to the peripheral port challenge phenomenon.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do
pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/18/6614

Tytuł: Traffic and freight flow predictions and effects of capacity expansion in the urban–port road interface: The case of a port city in Poland

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Maritime Policy & Management

Rok: 2022

Słowa kluczowe: Local road system; urban– port; traffic forecast; roads reconstruction

Abstrakt: This paper elaborates on forecasts in the road traffic and freight flows in the urban–port transport system to quantify the effects of the freight traffic performance considering road capacity expansion in a port city in Poland. The urban–port transport system was broken down into a subsystem of roads that lead directly to the port transshipment areas and a subsystem of urban roads with mixed freight and passenger traffic. The research resulted in an elaborated long-term forecast of freight and traffic flows in the porttransshipmenturban road system. Also, the impact of capacity improvements in the local transport system on port-related freight traffic performance was quantified using an incremental calculus for transport performance for two options: with and without road capacity expansion. As investigated, an intervention will lead to a reduction in time of freight traffic trips, freight transports, and drivers working time as well as to decreased emissions of CO2.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do
pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03088839.2022.2068204

Tytuł: Exploring the Sustainable Effects of Urban-Port Road System Reconstruction

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: impact, sustainability, energy savings, investment, urban - port road system

Abstrakt: The aim of the research is to identify and quantify the direct sustainable effects resulting from the improved road infrastructure in the local urban-port transport system. This case study considers the city port of Szczecin (Poland). The effects are identified for the local road transport system by comparing freight road transport performance in two options: with the investment and without the investment. The sustainable effects are quantified in terms of money and physical units. Sustainable economic, social, and environmental effects concern generalized freight road transport cost, i.e., truck operating costs and costs of truck drivers’ working time, as well as freight transit time, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental savings. To capture effects, the forecast of truck traffic demand, as well as unit vehicle operating costs, values of time, and air pollution and climate change, values are elaborated and revealed in freight road transport. The investigations show that the primary effect of investment is the reduced traffic congestion, which enhance the velocity of trucks in the transport system. The increased trucks′ speed affect freight road traffic performance, time of delivery, and environmental externalities.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do
pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6512

Tytuł: Forecasting the cargo throughput for small and medium-sized ports: multi-stage approach with reference to the multi-port system

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: forecasts, throughput, minor seaports, multi-port system

Abstrakt: Purpose: The paper aims to elaborate on long-term throughput forecasts in Small and Medium-Sized ports (SMPs). The research problem relates to determining a method that is relevant for the long-term transhipment forecasting in SMPs. Design/Methodology/Approach: Research was applied to the Polish ports system consisting of three major ports (Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Świnoujście) and the minor port of Szczecin. Forecasts for the cargo groups in the major ports were produced using regression models where the model parameters were estimated with the Ordinary Least Squares Method. The obtained forecasts of the throughput of cargo groups in major Polish seaports were converted into dynamics indices. The resulting matrices of the cargo throughput dynamics indices established for the leading Polish seaports were used to prepare cargo throughput forecasts for the port of Szczecin. Findings: Elaborated throughput forecasts indicate that, in the future, the port in Szczecin will retain its universal character, and a moderate increase in the cargo volumes confirms that it will serve as a complementary port to the major ports in the range. The forecasted modal split of hinterland transport indicates the increasing importance of road transport, and a decreased rail and inland waterway transport to/from the hinterland. That is likely due to a lower cargo throughput and difficulties in organizing the rail and inland waterway corridors based on smaller freight volumes. Practical implications: The study provides a practical tool for long-term throughput and hinterland traffic forecasting in SMPs. It is addressed to port authorities as the method may be used in decision-making on capacity expansion and academics exploring the phenomenon of predictions in maritime transport. Originality/Values: The novel method of demand forecasting in SMPs includes relations between major and minor ports in the range and multi-staged validation of results. Research advances studies on the dynamics of multi-port systems.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/2350

Tytuł: Investigating the Sustainable Impact of Seaport Infrastructure Provision on Maritime Component of Supply Chain

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: impact, maritime transport, port, sustainability, energy savings, investment, supply chain component

Abstrakt: The aim of the research is to identify and quantify the direct economic effects resulting from the improved seaport nautical access and capacity expansion. This case study considers a regional port located in the Baltic sea and relates to port users, i.e., shipping operators and shippers. The effects were identified for maritime transport by comparing transport performance in two scenarios: with-the-investment and without-the-investment. Incremental calculus addresses freights (containers, dry bulk, and cereals) traded to and from the given port, changes in size of vessels, and the shipping route alternatives vis-a-vis adjacent ports in the range. Sustainable impact concerns generalized maritime transport cost, i.e., shipping operating costs and port-to-port transit time, as well as energy consumption and external costs of maritime shipping. To capture effects, daily and unit dry bulk, as well as container shipping cost, values of time, and marginal external costs were revealed in freight sea transport. As investigated, shipping operators and shippers will benefit from the reduction in ships’ operating (including ships’ fuel cost savings) and time cost, while the community will enjoy the reduction in externalities. However, the main economic effect is the reduction in shipping operating cost resulting from the increased vessel size (economies of scale).

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3519

Tytuł: Assessing the Link between Vessel Size and Maritime Supply Chain Sustainable Performance

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki

Miejsce publikacji: Energies

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: economies of scale, dry bulk and container shipping, maritime supply chain, energy savings

Abstrakt: This study determines the relationship between the increase in size of dry bulk carriers and container ships and the changes in sustainable shipping performance. It measures the elasticities of shipping costs for bulk carriers and container ships. Using regression, it derives the functions of the daily and unit costs of shipping with respect to the size of dry bulk carriers and container ships. The estimated daily and unit cost elasticities and cost models reveal significant but diversified impacts of vessel size on dry bulk and container shipping cost and its components, other operating capital, and fuel costs. Findings: Dry bulk carriers and containership size mean elasticities of daily operating costs estimates respectively: total operating costs 0.291 and 0.552, other operating cost (labor cost included) 0.238 and 0.328, capital costs 0.329 and 0.765, fuel costs 0.289 and 0.462; dry bulker and container ship unit shipping mean elasticity respectively: full operating costs (−0.751) and (−0.553), other operating cost (−0.804) and (−0.782), capital costs (−0.713) and (−0.399), fuel costs (–0.757) and (−0.702). This research provides an insight into the impact of technology and the way the services are provided (irregular versus regular) on shipping cost and energy savings. The cost models can be used for estimating the savings in shipping costs resulting from handling larger vessels in seaports.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/11/2979

Tytuł: Revealing the Impact of Increased Tanker Size on Shipping Costs

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki

Miejsce publikacji: European Research Studies Journal

Rok: 2021

Słowa kluczowe: Tanker, scale, shipping, cost, elasticity

Abstrakt: The research objectives refer directly to the key in maritime transport problem of cost economies related to the increasing scale (size) of ships. This article reveals the relationship between an increase in tanker size and shipping cost and its various categories. Design/Methodology/Approach: Economies of tanker size are expressed in terms of the elasticity of daily and unit shipping costs relative to vessel size measured in deadweight. Functions of the shipping daily and unit costs concerning the tanker size were derived by regression, while the parameters were estimated with the ordinary least squares’ method. Findings: Elasticity values for daily and unit shipping costs estimated for tankers within the size range (dwt); 25,000 - 300,000. Tanker daily shipping mean elasticity estimates: another operating cost (labor cost included) (0.262), capital costs (0.407), port costs (0.449), fuel costs (0.575). Revealed tanker unit shipping mean elasticity estimates: full operating costs (-0,67), other operating cost (-0.835), capital costs (-0.690), port costs (-0.649), fuel costs (- 0.523). Practical implications: Elaborated models allow one to estimate savings in shipping costs resulting from handling larger tankers in seaports, which in turn is an important factor in terms of the calculation of the effectiveness of port capacity expansion, as well as in the analysis of competition between ports. The models may be used to study the impact of scale in tanker shipping on the remaining transport links (i.e., ports and hinterlands) and in the routing of sea–land supply chains. Originality/Value: The models for daily and unit costs developed here allow calculating the shipping cost for any tanker size.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://www.ersj.eu/journal/1983

Tytuł monografii: Infrastruktura terminali intermodalnych w portach morskich

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: Efekty transportowe i ekonomiczne związane z przystosowaniem infrastruktury terminalu promowego do obsługi przewozów intermodalnych

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: transport, infrastruktura terminalu promowego, obsługa przewozów intermodalnych

Abstrakt: -

ISBN: 978-83-7972-353-9

Tytuł monografii: Nowoczesne systemy transportowe w przewozach intermodalnych

Tytuł rozdziału monografii: Polityka wspierania komplementarności w żegludze morskiej bliskiego zasięgu na Morzu Bałtyckim

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki

Rok: 2020

Słowa kluczowe: żegluga morska bliskiego zasięgu, Bałtycka żegluga promowa, ro-pax, ro-ro, działania proekologiczne w żegludze bliskiego zasięgu, polityka morska

Abstrakt: W rejonie Morza Bałtyckiego skoncentrowano około 15% światowego handlu morskiego i jest to jeden z obszarów o największej intensywności transportu morskiego na świecie. W rozdziale przedstawiono politykę wspierania komplementarności w żegludze morskiej bliskiego zasięgu na Morzu Bałtyckim.

ISBN: 978-83-7972-352-2

Tytuł: Transport and economic effects related to navigational restoration of the Lake Dąbie fairway

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: inland fairway, restoration, inland, shipping, freight, transport

Abstrakt: The aim of this paper is to identify and quantify the direct economic effects resulting from navigational restoration of the Dąbie Lake inland fairway, a part of the West Pomeranian region (PL) transport system that runs across the Dąbie Lake. This narrow and shallow inland fairway constitutes the bottleneck for inland waterway freight transport, which must therefore use the sea fairway and thereby incur extended time, increased cost, and reduced efficiency of inland waterway transport. The paper’s second section presents the transport and microeconomic effects that restoring the fairway’s navigability across Lake Dąbie would have on the inland navigation system, thereby increasing the capacity, effectiveness, and safety of inland waterways freight traffic. Restoration of the inland fairway would significantly reduce generalized and external costs of inland waterways transport.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/2553

Tytuł: Elimination of modal collision: railway bridge over the Regalica River

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin-Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

Rok: 2019

Słowa kluczowe: elimination, collision, railway bridge, inland navigation, transport, systems

Abstrakt: This study aims to identify and quantify the economic benefits of eliminating collisions between two transport systems: rail and inland waterway transport. The collision between transport systems is caused here by the obsolete structure of a railway drawbridge, which constitutes an element of the railway line used by freight and passenger transport and is located on the main inland waterway used by inland waterways freight transport. Railway transport results in limitations of inland waterway transport and, vice versa, inland waterways transport blocks railway transport during lifting of the bridge span. In the case of railway transport, the low capacity of the single-track railway bridge constitutes an additional limitation of the development of transportation. There are plans to eliminate the collision in the regional transport system by constructing a new railway bridge in place of the old drawbridge. The effects of the transportation infrastructure improvement were measured directly for both rail and inland water freight systems as well as the result of the interaction between passenger rail and car and bus transport. In order to compare the different types of impact, the effects of different actions were valued in monetary terms. The planned intervention, as investigated here, will lead to reductions in the cost of time of inland waterways freight transport and costs of time of rail passenger and freight transport and a decrease in the external costs of transport. This will make possible transportation services that are both cheaper and more reliable.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://repository.scientific-journals.eu/handle/123456789/2554

Tytuł: Statistical estimation and prediction of Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) on the first/last mile road sections in the Port of Szczecin

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: AADT, infrastructure development, sea ports, porty morskie, rozwój infrastrukturalny

Abstrakt: Deepening the fairway Świnoujście–Szczecin to a depth of 12.5 m will improve access to the port of Szczecin from the sea. Larger vessels will be able to call at the port of Szczecin and thus the current trends in cargo turnover will probably change. To make it possible, it is also necessary to invest in improving port access from the mainland. In the article the authors present estimates and forecasts of the annual average daily traffic of vehicles (AADT) on national road no. 10 (DK 10) and access roads to the port of Szczecin (so called the “last mile” sections). Estimation was based on the author’s own traffic research carried out in September–October 2016 as part of Feasibility Study for the project Modernization of the access roads to the port of Szczecin: reconstruction of the transport system in the area of Międzyodrze implemented by the city of Szczecin.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://wnus.edu.pl/epu/pl/issue/565/article/8776/

Tytuł: Port logistic park – a case study

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: port logistic park, analytical study, portowy park logistyczny, badania analityczne

Abstrakt: In the port management, apart from logistic centers, warehouse and storage centers and distribution centers there appear new organizational forms of logistic activity in the form of warehouse-production centers called logistic parks. The aim of this paper is to present issues connected with the development of activities performed at port logistic parks, to determine quantitative aspects of development of business activities, to point at problems related to transport services to logistic parks. For the descriptive part the comparative method was used, and for the quantitative aspects of a logistic park’s activities statistical methods were used, which allowed for assessment of storage turnover and of traffic volumes. The analytic studies were conducted on the example of a logistic park that was being under development within the area of the maritime port in Szczecin.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://wnus.edu.pl/epu/pl/issue/565/article/8770/

Tytuł: Korzyści skali związane z wielkością statku morskiego do przewozu ładunków suchych masowych i kontenerów

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Problemy Transportu i Logistyki

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: korzyści skali, masowce, kontenerowce

Abstrakt: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie korzyści skali w transporcie morskim, jakie pojawiają się w związku z zatrudnianiem w przewozach coraz większych statków morskich (ang. economies of vessel size). Efekty skali wyrażają się w spadku przeciętnego kosztu eksploatacji statku wraz z powiększaniem jego potencjału przewozowego. To z kolei przekłada się na niższe koszty przewozu ładunków w żegludze morskiej. Analizą objęto statki do przewozu ładunków suchych masowych (masowce) i statki do przewozu kontenerów (kontenerowce) a korzyści kosztowe ustalono dla różnych wielkości statków. Metodą regresji wyznaczono funkcję dobowego kosztu eksploatacji dla statków masowców i kontenerowców. Statkodobowy koszt eksploatacji statków stanowił podstawę do oszacowania funkcji kosztu tonokilometra w zależności od nośności/pojemności masowca/kontenerowca.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: https://wnus.edu.pl/ptil/pl/issue/409/article/6694/

Tytuł: Rozwój przewozów morsko-lądowych związany z rozbudową infrastruktury w Porcie Szczecin

Autor/Autorzy: Dariusz Bernacki, Christian Lis

Miejsce publikacji: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka

Rok: 2017

Słowa kluczowe: infrastruktura portu, rozwój funkcji transportowej

Abstrakt: Mała głębokość toru wodnego Świnoujście-Szczecin (zaledwie 10,5m) ogranicza rozwój portu w Szczecinie. Pogłębienie toru wodnego do 12,5 m oraz modernizacja i rozbudowa infrastruktury zwiększy dostępność transportowąi umożliwi zawijanie do portu większych statków. To z kolei zwiększy jednorazową wielkość masy ładunków transportowanej dużymi statkami do/z portu Szczecin.Wynikające ze skali działalności korzyści kosztowe dla załadowcy i przewoźnika morskiegopowinny przyczynić się do wzrostu przewozów morsko-lądowych przebiegających przez port w Szczecinie.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie,w kontekście rozbudowy infrastruktury, prognozy rozwoju funkcji transportowej portu w Szczecinie w długim horyzoncie planowania w aspekcie zmian w wielkości i strukturze: przeładunków, floty statków zawijających do portu, przewozów w relacjach port-zaplecze.

Adres strony internetowej (link) do pełnego tekstu publikacji: http://ekonom.ug.edu.pl/web/znetl/index.html?lang=pl&ao=archive_volumes_(numery_archiwalne)